NOTA PEMBIAKAN TUMBUHAN

SEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

                                        IN FLOWERING PLANTS

FLOWER PART	FUNCTION
Petals	Attract insects & animals to pollinate the flower
Sepal	Protect the flower when it is in the bud
Stamen	Male reproductive part of flower
Filament	Holds up the anther
Anther	Contains pollen grains
Pollen grains	Contains male gametes
Pistil	Female reproductive part of flower
Ovary	Protects the ovules
Ovule	Contains female gametes
Style	Holds up the stigma
Stigma	Receives the pollen grains
Nectary	Produce nectar

TYPES OF POLLINATION

There are 2 types of pollination:

1. Self pollination

Transfer of pollen grain within the same flower or to another flower on the same plant

2. Cross pollination

Transfer of the pollen grains to the flower of another plant of the same species

The advantages of cross pollination are:

a)      Provide more genetic variation in the offspring

b)      Produce offspring with better characteristics such as

i-                    High yield

ii-                   Better quality of flowers, seeds and fruits

iii-                 More resistant to disease

iv-                 Shorter maturing time of growth

3.  Pollinating agent

- Pollinating agents carry the pollen grains to the stigma of the flower.

- there are 3 main types of pollinating agents:

i) Animals – the pollen grains stick to their bodies and are transferred to the stigma of a same flower or the next flower they visit

examples: sunflower, durians

ii) Wind – pollen grains are carried from one flower to another by wind

examples: paddy, maize

iii) Water – water is the pollinating agent for many submerged aquatic plants

examples: Hydrilla , Elodea

-the differences between insects pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers are shown below:

characteristic	Insect pollinated	Wind pollinated
Flower size	big	Small
Petal colour	Bright	White or dull colour
Nectary	Produces nectar	Do not produce nectar
Smell	Fragrant	No smell
Stamen	Short filament & small anther	Long filament & big anther
Pollen grain	Few in numbers, big & sticky	Numerous, small & light
Stigma	Short & sticky	Long, feathery & exposed outside the flower
Style	short	long
receptacle	short	long

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The figure shows the process of ____________ _ .

A          self-pollination

B          cross-pollination

   C         germination

   D         fertilisation

2. The female and male gametes of flowering plants are located at the ___________ .

A          sepal and stamen

B          pistil and ovary

C         ovule and pollen grain

D         filament and anther

                                                                            

3.The figure shows the process of pollination

Where does the transfer of pollen grain take place?

A          P,R

B          P,Q

C         S,P

D         S,Q

4. Cross-pollination is better than self pollination because the offspring __________ .

I           produces more fruits

II          survives better under bad weather

III         is less resistant to diseases

A          I and II

B          I and III

C         II and III

D         I, II and III

                                                                                           

5.The figure shows a flowering plant.

Which of the following is the pollinating agent for this plant?

A          Insect

B          Bird

C         Wind

D         Water

6. The figure shows the flower of flowering plants

Which flowers are pollinated by insects?

A          P and Q

B          Q and R

C         R and S

D         P and R

7. A stamen is the male reproductive organ and pistil is the female reproductive organ of  flowering plants. Stamen consists of filaments and anthers while the pistil consists of stigma, style and ovary.

A male reproductive organ of flower consists of _______________ .

A          filament, anther and ovary

B          stigma, style and ovary

C         filament and anther

D         stigma, style and anther

  

PMR 2009 –Paper 2

1.(a)   Diagram 1.1 shows two plants, R and S from the same species.

                                                                                        Diagram 1.1

i) Sstate two advantages of using cross-pollination for breeding in agriculture

1.________________________________________________________________

2.________________________________________________________________                  [2 marks]

ii) Suggest one way to ensure only cross-pollination takes place in S

__________________________________________________________________                  [1 mark]

iii) State one reason for the answer in 1(a) ii)

____________________________________________________________________              [1 mark]

(b) Diagram 1.2 shows rose plants grown in an enclosed farm.

                                                                   Diagram1.2

i) Suggest one way to increase the cross-pollination in this farm

________________________________________________________________________       [1 mark]

ii) State one reason for the answer in 1 (b) (i)

________________________________________________________________________      [1 mark]

(c) Diagram 1.3 shows a honey bee feeding honey on a flower of a fruit tree.

Explain how this situation helps the farmer to increase the yield of fruits from his trees.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________  [2 marks]

SUGGESTED ANSWER

1. a)(i) to produce a healthier plant, to produce a new variety of plant

(a)(ii) remove the anther

(a)(iii) prevent self pollination

(b)(i) use bees

  (b)(ii) transfer the pollen grain from one plant to another (c) bee act as a pollination agent, increase the yield of fruit.